Collateral that an asset-allocator already understands.
The first generation of DeFi lending was collateralised by tokens that allocators could not put on a fact sheet. The second generation is collateralised by treasury bills, commercial paper, and private credit — the same instruments those allocators have held for decades, with the difference that the collateral position is now a live on-chain object instead of a custodial statement.
The tokenised real-world asset market crossed $33.9 billion in late 2025, having grown almost five-fold in three years. The largest single contributor is BlackRock's BUIDL fund, which on its own holds AUM comparable to a mid-size money-market fund — and which the rest of the on-chain economy now uses as a near-cash settlement layer. CoinDesk via RedStone
The forward consensus is significantly larger. Citi expects $4–5 trillion of tokenised assets by 2030, with $1.9T in debt, $1.5T in real estate, $0.7T in private equity, and $0.5–1T in listed securities. BCG's mid-2022 estimate of $16T by 2030 (10% of global GDP) was revised in a 2025 update with Ripple to $9.4T by 2030, rising to $19T by 2033 — still 10% of global GDP, simply with a flatter near-term curve. Standard Chartered's 2034 estimate of $30.1T includes $5T in trade finance alone.
Tier 1 — sovereign cash equivalents.
Tokenised US Treasury Bills, tokenised money-market funds (BUIDL, BENJI, USDY and equivalents), and qualified payment stablecoins (USDC, PYUSD, and any GENIUS-compliant issuer that meets the 1:1 reserve and disclosure requirements). LTV ceilings: 90–95%. Liquidation buffer: tight. Treated as on-chain cash.
Tier 2 — investment-grade credit.
Tokenised commercial paper, short-dated investment-grade corporate bonds, and tokenised bank receivables — typically issued through Securitize, Ondo, Maple and equivalent permissioned issuance platforms. LTV ceilings: 70–85%, set per issuer per duration. Continuous oracle reads on credit spread, adjusted by the ımyo AI risk engine in real time. Defaulted positions are restructured through the on-chain workout protocol; recoveries are streamed to the lender pool.
Tier 3 — private credit and structured assets.
Tokenised private credit (Hamilton Lane, Partners Group and equivalent issuers have placed such products on platforms like ADDX since 2021–22), tokenised receivables, tokenised trade-finance pools. Capacity-limited, ZK-attestation-gated, and confined to whitelisted institutional borrowers. LTVs are set conservatively (40–65%) and AI-adjusted by liquidity, geography, and macro signals.
The combination of these tiers gives an institutional balance sheet an on-chain mirror of the off-chain collateral universe it already operates in — with the difference that every position is composable, every margin call is deterministic, and every workout is transparent.
A static LTV ratio is a 1990s answer to a 2026 question. ımyo runs a continuous risk model that updates LTV ceilings per asset per duration using a basket of real-time signals: secondary-market liquidity of the underlying off-chain instrument, oracle dispersion across the price feeds, issuer credit spread, venue-level concentration, and forward macro variables (rate volatility, BTC/ETH realised vol, equity-index drawdown).
The model does not produce a single LTV number. It produces a distribution; the platform conservatively quotes the lower-decile of that distribution to borrowers. In a benign regime that means more capital efficiency. In a stressed regime it means borrowers are de-risked before the macro headline arrives — see our predictive liquidation buffer for the matching execution layer.